Depresión psicótica secundaria a hipertiroidismo y desenlace letal por tormenta tirotóxica: a propósito de un caso / Psychotic depression secondary to hyperthyroidism and lethal outcome by thyrotoxic storm: case report

RESUMEN El rol de exceso y déficit de hormona tiroidea en la patogenia de trastornos del ánimo se ha registrado desde hace casi dos siglos. Las patologías tiroideas, las más numerosas dentro de las enfermedades endocrinas, se asocian causalmente a patología psiquiátrica en un importante porcentaje de casos. Específicamente, el hipertiroidismo produce múltiples manifestaciones psicopatológicas de tipo ansioso y depresivo, episodios de manía e, infrecuentemente, psicosis. Aunque el influjo del eje tiroideo sobre las vías neurales de noradrenalina, dopamina, y serotonina juega un rol neurobiológico fundamental en estos fenómenos, existen todavía múltiples mecanismos subyacentes por dilucidar. Dada la necesidad de un diagnóstico diferencial amplio y abarcador entre patologías psiquiátricas primarias y secundarias, reportamos el caso de una paciente de 52 años con depresión psicótica, en la que el diagnóstico tardío de hipertiroidismo acarreó consecuencias penosas y letales. La valoración clínica y laboratorial de la función tiroidea, debe ser parte de la evaluación psiquiátrica de cualquier persona con trastornos afectivos y ansiosos.

SUMMARY The role of excess and deficit of thyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of mood disorders has been recorded for almost two centuries. Thyroid pathologies, the most numerous among endocrine diseases, are causally associated with psychiatric pathology in a significant percentage of cases. Specifically, hyperthyroidism produces multiple psychopathological manifestations of anxious and depressive type, manic episodes and, infrequently, psychosis. Although the influence of the thyroid axis on the neural pathways of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin plays a fundamental neurobiological role in these phenomena, there are still multiple underlying mechanisms to be elucidated. Given the need for a broad and comprehensive differential diagnosis between primary and secondary psychiatric pathologies, we report the case of a 52-year-old patient with psychotic depression in whom the late diagnosis of hyperthyroidism had painful and lethal consequences. Clinical and laboratory-based evaluations of thyroid function should be part of the psychiatric evaluation of any person with affective and anxiety disorders.

A dúvida: tireotoxicose versus hipertireoidismo descompensado / The doubt: Thyrotoxicosis X Decompensated Hyperthyroidism

Relata-se o caso de paciente do sexo masculino, atendido em um hospital universitário, após quadro duvidoso e arrastado de alteração cardíaca e hipertireoidiana, com a propedêutica sequencial própria para crise tireotóxica. Destaca-se a necessidade de identificação precoce da apresentação clínica, com atendimento de emergência, e a capacidade da realização de diagnósticos diferenciais com alterações cardíacas primárias, evitando-se sequelas e desfechos inesperados.

We report the case of a male patient seen in a University Hospital after a dubious and protracted picture of cardiac and hyperthyroid alteration, with adequate sequential propaedeutic for thyrotoxic crisis. The need for early identification of clinical presentation with emergency care, and the ability to perform differential diagnoses with primary cardiac changes are highlighted, to avoid unexpected sequelae and outcomes.

Pre-operative embolization of thyroid arteries in a case of refractory amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Case report / Embolización preoperatoria de las arterias tiroideas en un caso de tirotoxicosis refractaria por amiodarona. Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: Amiodarone has become one of the main antiarrhythmic drugs. However, it may cause a wide variety of adverse effects, sometimes severe. Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction is one of the best known problems, resulting in either thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism. Case presentation: A patient who, after 2 years of using amiodarone for the control of atrial fibrillation, developed thyrotoxicosis, refractory to conventional medical treatment. To optimize the patient's clinical condition before total thyroidectomy, embolization of thyroid arteries was performed. Conclusion: Embolization of the thyroid arteries as bridge therapy to thyroidectomy is an uncommon alternative in patients with amiodarone-induced hyperthiroidism. However, this treatment was useful to improve our patient's symptoms and to optimize the anesthetic/surgical procedure.

Resumen Introducción: La amiodarona se ha convertido en uno de los principales fármacos empleados en el manejo de las arritmias cardiacas. Sin embargo, puede llegar a presentar una amplia variedad de efectos adversos, en ocasiones graves. La alteración de la función tiroidea es uno de sus problemas más conocidos, que puede causar tanto hipertiroidismo como hipotiroidismo. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de un paciente que, después de recibir durante dos años amiodarona para el control de una fibrilación auricular, desarrolló una tirotoxicosis refractaria al tratamiento médico clásico, por lo que se decidió realizar una embolización de las arterias tiroideas previa a tiroidectomía total, para lograr una optimización preoperatoria de su situación clínica. Conclusión: La embolización de las arterias tiroideas como terapia puente a la tiroidectomía es una alternativa poco empleada en pacientes con hipertiroidismo, más aun si es debido a la administración de amiodarona, con escasos datos publicados en la literatura. En nuestro caso fue de utilidad para mejorar la sintomatología del paciente y optimizar el procedimiento anestésico-quirúrgico.

Preeclampsia como desencadenante de crisis tirotóxica: reporte de caso / Preeclampsia as a trigger of thyrotoxic crisis: a case report / Pré-eclâmpsia como desencadeador de crise tireotóxica: relato de caso

Resumen: La crisis tirotóxica o tormenta tiroidea desencadenada por preeclampsia es poco frecuente. Es importante llegar a un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces, dado que su retraso conlleva alta morbimortalidad para el binomio materno-fetal. Reportamos el caso de una paciente cursando tercer trimestre de gestación que instala una crisis tirotóxica desencadenada por una preeclampsia. Se realiza interrupción del embarazo y tratamiento específico del factor precipitante y de la tormenta tiroidea, con buena evolución posterior.

Summary: Thyrotoxic crisis or thyroid storm is rarely triggered by preeclampsia. It is important to reach early diagnosis and treatment, since its delay leads to high morbidity and mortality for the maternal-fetal binomial. We hereby report the case of a patient that develops a thyroid storm triggered by severe preeclampsia during the third trimester of pregnancy. Pregnancy interruption and specific treatment of the precipitating factor and the thyroid storm are performed, with good subsequent progress.

Resumo: A crise tireotóxica ou tempestade tireoidiana desencadeada pela pré-eclâmpsia é rara. É importante o diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, pois o atraso leva a alta morbimortalidade para o binômio materno-fetal. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com hipertireoidismo que está no terceiro trimestre de gravidez e instala uma tempestade tireoidiana desencadeada por pré-eclâmpsia grave. Interrupção da gravidez e tratamento específico do fator precipitante e da tempestade tireoidiana são realizados, com boa evolução posterior.

Tormenta tiroidea durante el embarazo: reporte de caso / Thyroid storm in pregnancy: A case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La tormenta tiroidea es una complicación rara del hipertiroidismo, con riesgo 10 veces mayor de aparecer durante el embarazo. El término "tormenta" describe la intensidad de la manifestación clínica y la significativa concentración de tiroxina (T4) y tri-yodotironina (T3). CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 25 años, con embarazo de 29 semanas, control prenatal deficiente, enviada al Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima, Perú, por taquicardia fetal. A la exploración clínica se encontró: frecuencia cardiaca de 161 latidos por minuto, frecuencia cardiaca fetal de 178; piel caliente, exoftalmos bilateral, uñas de Plumer, bocio difuso 3N bilateral, ingurgitación yugular bilateral, estertores crepitantes bilaterales de predominio en ambas bases y edema en los miembros inferiores. De acuerdo con los criterios de Burch y Wartofsky, se estimó un puntaje de 60 para establecer el diagnóstico de tormenta tiroidea. Se indicaron fármacos antitiroideos, betabloqueadores y medidas de soporte. La paciente tuvo amenaza de parto pretérmino y taquicardia fetal persistente, por lo que se programó para cesárea de urgencia. La evolución para la madre y su hijo fue satisfactoria. CONCLUSIONES: El tamizaje para hipertiroidismo en pacientes embarazadas con antecedentes personales y síntomas relacionados es la mejor medida de prevención de la tormenta tiroidea. La sospecha de tormenta tiroidea debe tratarse de manera inmediata, por un equipo multidisciplinario. El bienestar fetal debe evaluarse continuamente y estimar el tiempo de finalización del embarazo, además de considerar si existen indicaciones poco satisfactorias en cuanto al tratamiento indicado.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Thyroid storm is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, with 10 times greater risk of developing during pregnancy. The term "storm" describes the intensity of the clinical manifestation and the significant concentration of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3). CLINICAL CASE: Woman of 25 years with a gestational age of 29 weeks with poor prenatal control, referred to our institution due to fetal tachycardia. Clinically, he had a heart rate of up to 161 per minute, a fetal heart rate of 178, hot skin, bilateral exophthalmos, Plumer's nails, bilateral 3N diffuse goiter, bilateral jugular vein enlargement, bilateral lung crepitations with predominance of bases, lower limb edema. He presented a score of 60 on the Burch and Wartofsky criteria for thyroid storm. Antithyroid drugs, beta blockers and support measures were established. Patient developed a threat of preterm delivery and persistent fetal tachycardia, so an emergency caesarean section was indicated. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for hyperthyroidism in pregnant women with a personal history and symptoms is the best measure of thyroid storm prevention. The suspicion of thyroid storm should be treated immediately by a multidisciplinary team. Fetal well-being should be evaluated continuously and determine the end of pregnancy if there are fetal indications or the mother does not respond to the treatment established.

Hipertiroidismo en el embarazo / Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

The association of hyperthyroidism and pregnancy is rare. Its importance resides in the prognosis of mother and fetus. The recognition of thyroid alterations during pregnancy differs from the general population; in this special group, it is necessary to correlate diagnostic tests and normal physiological changes. The main cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease, with its autoimmune component. Transient gestational thyrotoxicosis becomes important during pregnancy and is critical in the differential diagnosis, especially during the first trimester. Management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy has special implications; first-line therapies are contraindicated, and antithyroid drugs become relevant. No therapy is completely safe during pregnancy; possible adverse effects and mother and fetus implications must be evaluated. In this review, we want to consider the physiological changes in thyroid function during pregnancy. Also, we want to point out the best actions for the proper recognition, diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy, in order to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. A review of the literature was performed in PubMed and Science Direct using MeSH words and connectors. We included the most relevant articles published by scientific societies in the last 20 years on the diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.

La relación hipertiroidismo y embarazo es poco común. Su importancia recae en el pronóstico de la madre y el feto. El reconocimiento de las alteraciones tiroideas durante el embarazo difiere de la población general. En este grupo poblacional es necesario correlacionar las pruebas diagnósticas con los cambios fisiológicos durante este periodo. La principal causa de hipertiroidismo es la enfermedad de Graves, con su componente autoinmune. La tirotoxicosis gestacional transitoria toma relevancia durante el embarazo y es un diagnóstico diferencial importante durante el primer trimestre. El manejo del hipertiroidismo durante el embarazo tiene implicaciones especiales. Las terapias de primera línea convencionales están contraindicadas, y toman relevancia los medicamentos antitiroideos. Ninguna terapia es totalmente segura durante el embarazo y se deben evaluar los posibles efectos adversos e implicaciones para la madre y el feto. En esta revisión queremos dar a conocer los cambios en la función tiroidea durante la gestación; además, las pautas necesarias para el adecuado reconocimiento, diagnóstico y manejo del hipertiroidismo durante el embarazo, con el fin de disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad materno-fetal. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en PubMed y Science Direct utilizando palabras MeSH y conectores. Se incluyeron artículos especiales más relevantes publicados por las sociedades internacionales en los últimos 20 años sobre el diagnóstico y manejo del hipertiroidismo durante el embarazo

Tormenta tiroidea asociada a disfunción multiorgánica / Thyroid storm associated with multiorganic dysfunction

La tormenta tiroidea es una condición infrecuente y potencialmente fatal. En la literatura han sido descritas varias presentaciones inusuales de la misma; sin embargo, la disfunción multiorgánica es rara vez vista. Aquí describimos un caso en una mujer de 36 años de edad con enfermedad de Graves subyacente no diagnosticada hasta entonces, quien inició su sintomatología con una tormenta tiroidea. Su score de Burch y Wartofsky fue de 50/140. Desarrolló falla hepática aguda, falla renal aguda, acidosis láctica, falla cardíaca, bicitopenia, coagulopatía y rabdomiolisis. La disfunción multiorgánica se revirtió gracias a la pronta instauración de los esteroides, ciclofosfamida, plasmaféresis y posterior tiroidectomía. La dificultad reside en reconocer las variadas presentaciones de la enfermedad y ofrecer un tratamiento apropiado cuando se enfrenta a las contraindicaciones o las fallas terapéuticas del tratamiento convencional.

Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal condition. Unusual presentations in patients with thyroid storm have been described but multiorganic dysfunction is uncommonly seen. We describe the case of a 36-year-old woman with unknown underlying Graves´s disease who developed thyroid storm. The thyroid storm score of Burch and Wartofsky was 50/140. This was complicated by acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, lactic acidosis, heart failure, bi-cytopenia, coagulopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The severe multiorgan dysfunction was reversed by prompt institution of steroids, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange before thyroidectomy. Main difficulty lies in recognizing its varied presentations and offering appropriate treatment when physician faces either failure or contraindications of conventional therapy.

Thyrotoxic storm diagnosed due to postoperative tachycardia: A case report

Thyrotoxic storm is an extreme state of thyrotoxicosis and a medical emergency. The clinical presentation of thyrotoxic storm includes tachycardia, fever, organ effect of central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system dysfunction. It usually occurs in patients with untreated or partially treated Graves' disease. Although it is rare, its mortality rate has reached 10-20%. There are no specific tests for establishing the diagnosis; it can only be diagnosed based on the clinical expression and laboratory results. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are necessary when it unexpectedly occurs during the perioperative period. We report a case of unnoticed hyperthyroidism that was diagnosed due to thyrotoxic storm-induced tachycardia in the post anesthesia care unit.

Persistent perioperative tachycardia and hypertension diagnosed as thyroid storm induced by a hydatidiform mole: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Thyroid storm is a critical complication of molar pregnancy. However, early diagnosis of it is difficult because it is a rare complication and usually presents nonspecific findings. In this case report, we present a woman with molar pregnancy who had persistent tachycardia and hypertension. She was diagnosed initially with preeclampsia and sepsis as complications of molar pregnancy. During dilation and curettage under general anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil, tachycardia and hypertension remained even with continuous infusion of labetalol. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with thyroid storm associated with molar pregnancy. She was restored to a clinically euthyroid state 1 day after the operation, and her thyroid function test and beta-hCG values were normal 3 months later. The anesthesiologists should bear in mind the possibility of thyroid storm in patients with molar pregnancies who show persistent tachycardia and hypertension.

Sudden Death associated with Thyrotoxicosis: Report of Three Autopsy Cases / 대한법의학회지

Thyrotoxicosis (thyroid crisis) is a known cause of sudden death; however, only a few cases of death resulting from thyrotoxicosis have been reported. Histopathologic examination and postmortem thyroid function tests may be helpful in postmortem diagnosis, but their usefulness seems to be limited. We report three autopsy cases associated with thyrotoxicosis.

Tormenta tiroidea intraoperatoria. Experiencia única: presentación de caso / Thyroid storm during operation. The only one experience. A case report

Introducción: La tormenta tiroidea es la complicación más alarmante del hipertiroidismo. Objetivo: describir la conducta perioperatoria y evolución de una paciente con diagnóstico de bocio hipertiroideo, la cual presentó un cuadro de tormenta tiroidea intraoperatoria, experiencia única en nuestro servicio. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 30 años de edad con diagnóstico de bocio hipertiroideo anunciada de forma electiva para cirugía del tiroides. Presentó un cuadro de hiperpirexia marcada, sudación excesiva, taquicardia que alcanzó valores de 160 latidos por minuto durante la cirugía. Se interpretó el cuadro como una tormenta tiroidea, se comenzaron las medidas terapéuticas de inmediato con betabloqueadores, antitiroideos y medidas antitérmicas. La paciente mostró reversión de los signos que permitió realizar tiroidectomía total, sin complicaciones postoperatorias y se trasladó a la sala de cuidados intensivos en la que permaneció durante 72 horas. Conclusiones: La tormenta tiroidea es una condición infrecuente pero potencialmente grave, su diagnóstico y tratamiento deben ser inmediatos y enérgicos para lograr resultados satisfactorios.

Introduction: The thyroid storm is the most alarming complication of hyperthyroidism. Objective: To describe the perioperative management and evolution of a patient with diagnosis of Hyperthyroid goiter who presented a thyroid storm during operation, the only one experience in our service. Case report: It was a 30 years old patient, female, with hyperthyroid goiter diagnosis announced in an elective form for thyroid surgery. She had high fever, excessive sweating and tachycardia of 160 beats per minute during the surgery. The patient had a thyroid storm and began the treatment immediately with beta-blockers, antithyroid medications and correction of the fever. The patient evidenced signs reversion and a total thyroidectomy was achieved without postoperative complications and she was transferred to the intensive care unit where she stayed for 72 hours. Conclusions: The thyroid storm is an infrequent condition but potentially grave, its diagnosis and treatment must be immediate and energetic to achieve satisfactory outcomes.

A Case of Simultaneous Presentation of Thyroid Crisis and Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Two important endocrine emergencies, thyroid crisis and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), are uncommon when presented together, but pose serious complications. Without appropriate management, they may result in high mortality. Although several cases of simultaneous presentation of thyroid crisis and DKA have been reported, it is a clinically unusual situation and remains a diagnostic and management challenge in clinical practice. We report rare case with simultaneous presentation of thyroid crisis and DKA without previous warning symptoms. A 23-year-old-woman was brought to the emergency department presenting with acute abdominal pain for one day. She was healthy and there was no personal history of diabetes or thyroid disease. Through careful physical examination and laboratory tests, the patient was diagnosed with thyroid crisis combined with DKA. Concomitance of these two endocrine emergencies led to sudden cardiac arrest, but she was successfully resuscitated. This emphasizes the importance of early recognition and prompt management when the two diseases are presented concomitantly.

Thyroid crisis complicating acute abdomen / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the perioperative management for patients of thyroid crisis complicating acute abdomen.Methods The clinical data of 11 acute abdomen patients combined with hyperthyroidism were analyzed retrospectively.Results In this study,the surgical procedures were appendectomy in 5 patients,perforation repair for duodenal ulcer in 2 patients,distal gastrectomy in 2 patients,choledochotomy in one patient and splenectomy in one patient.Thyroid crisis occurred postoperatively in 7 patients,intraoperatively in 2 patients and preoperatively in 2 patients.Emergency treatment succeeded in 8 patients,and death occurred in 3 patients,with a death rate of 27.3%,including the preoperative thyroid crisis patient complicating duodenal ulcer perforation,who died of heart sufficiency on the first day postoperation.The second patient suffering from intraoperative thyroid crisis during exploration for perforation of the small bowel died of muhiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by intestinal fistula,intra-abdominal abscess and lung infection,in spite of successful rescue treatment of thyroid crisis.The third patient was of acute appendicitis with perforation who died of coma and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome on the postoperative 5th day because the concomitant thyroid crisis was overlooked.Conclusions The early recognizing thyroid crisis in perioperative surgical abdomen and adequate treatment is the key to rescue succesS,and the diagnosis mainly depends on comprehensive judgment of clinical presentation and laboratory examination.

A Case of Thyroid Storm Presented as Infectious Gastroenteritis

It is difficult to diagnose thyroid storm in an emergency room, especially in cases when there is no past history of thyroid disease or specific symptoms such as thyroid hypertrophy and exophthalmia. Nevertheless, thyroid storm is a medical emergency threatening the patient's life, and immediate diagnosis and intensive treatment are critical to the patient's well-belling. We experienced a case of thyroid storm with comparatively rare symptoms in an emergency department. A 29-yearold male was taken to the emergency room with diarrhea, vomiting and fever. Initially, the patient's symptoms were attributed to acute gastroenteritis. As time passed, consciousness decreased and tachycardia appeared, and we ultimately suspected thyroid storm because of the atypical symptoms and were able to cure the patient with early treatment.

The functional change of adrenal cortex in patients with hyperthyroidism / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To explore the change of function of adrenal cortex in patients with hyperthyroidism to provide theoretical evidence for clinical practice. Methods The reaction of adrenal cortex to small dosage of ACTH was detected and compared with each other in normal controls,in patients with mild hyperthyroidism,and patients with severe hyperthyroidism. Results The reaction to small dosage of ACTH was statistically different among the three groups \[F=278.3(15 min), 274.2(30 min), 469.8 (60 min), 273.3(min),866.2(AUC),P

Clinical Observation on 22 Cases of Serious Hypothroidism Treated by Combination of TCM and Western Medicine / 中医杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of combined treatment of TCM and western medicine on serious hypothyroidism. Methods:40 cases of serious hypothyroidism were randomly divided into a treatment group of 22 and a control group of 18 cases. The treatment group were treated by thyroid hormone plus Chinese medicine for warming the kidney to promote diuresis.and the control group were treated by simple thyroid hormone.Improvement of main symptoms arid changes of thyroid functions were investigated.Results:The therapeutic effects of both groups were similar,the improvement of symptoms in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group,and the thyroid function increased in both groups(P